NamespaceWhat it isolatesWhat the process seesPIDProcess IDsOwn process tree, starts at PID 1MountFilesystem mount pointsOwn mount table, can have different rootNetworkNetwork interfaces, routingOwn interfaces, IP addresses, portsUserUID/GID mappingCan be root inside, nobody outsideUTSHostnameOwn hostnameIPCSysV IPC, POSIX message queuesOwn shared memory, semaphoresCgroupCgroup root directoryOwn cgroup hierarchyTimeSystem clocks (monotonic, boot)Own system uptime and clock offsetsNamespaces are what Docker containers use. When you run a container, it gets its own PID namespace (cannot see host processes), its own mount namespace (own filesystem view), its own network namespace (own interfaces), and so on.
But of course, like any immutable system, there are mutable parts (otherwise, we couldn’t create any configuration files). OSTree handles this with “overlays” (actually, we use OverlayFS) that allow a read-write filesystem to be layered on top of the immutable system. For example, the /etc and /var directories are writable, while the rest of the system is read-only.
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It's a puzzling, and unusual, mix.
Manjit Sangha's heart stopped six times while in intensive care at New Cross Hospital in Wolverhampton.